The object of the present work was to design, construct and evaluate a cylindrical tri-axial charger for Charging of submicron aerosol Particles by unipolar ions. The corona discharge characteristics, the intrinsic and extrinsic Particle Charging efficiencies, and the losses of aerosol Particles were experimentally evaluated for Particle diameters in the range between 50 nm and 500 nm under different operating conditions. The conditions included the corona voltages of about 7. 0 to 8. 0 kV, the mesh screen voltages of about 100 to 300 V and the aerosol flow rate was set at 1. 5 L/min. It was found that the ion current increased from 2. 90 10-10 to 3. 66 10-8 A and 2. 40 10-10 to 1. 36 10-7 A and the number concentration of ions increased from 7. 50 109 to 5. 92 1011 ions/m3 and 6. 21 109 to 2. 19 1012 ions/m3 when the corona voltage increased from 5. 5 to 8. 0 kV at the mesh screen voltage between 100 and 300 V, respectively. The intrinsic Charging efficiency of Particles introduced a constant value of about 99% for Particle diameter in the range between 50 nm and 200 nm and decreased with Particle diameter in the range between about 300 nm and 500 nm at a given corona voltage. The best extrinsic Charging efficiency of the studied charger occurred between 1. 32% and 38% for Particle diameter in the range from 50 nm to 500 nm at corona and ion trap voltages of about 7. 0 kV and 300 V respectively. The highest electrostatic loss of Particles was observed at 50 nm Particles and it was about 89. 08, 90. 73 and 91. 91% at a mesh screen voltage of about 300 V for corona voltages of about 7. 0, 7. 5 and 8. 0 kV, respectively. Finally, the highest diffusion losses were at about 28. 88, 23. 03 and 11. 15% for singly charged, neutralized and non-charged Particles of 500, 500 and 50 nm, respectively.

At present, electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as a viable alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, primarily due to their superior environmental sustainability, particularly regarding carbon emissions, and their cost-effectiveness attributed to lower energy consumption. Consequently, the market share of electric vehicles has witnessed substantial growth in recent years, which has in turn heightened the demand for Charging infrastructure. Conversely, the rising number of electric vehicles necessitating reCharging-especially during peak demand periods-poses challenges such as prolonged waiting times at public Charging stations and increased strain on the power distribution network. To address these issues and enhance network efficiency, the concept of Mobile Charging Stations (MCS) has emerged, offering flexible Charging solutions in terms of both time and location. This paper introduces an innovative approach for the allocation and deployment of MCSs in areas with high demand, aimed at alleviating the burden on public Charging stations. A mathematical model grounded in the Location-or-Routing Problem (LoRP) has been formulated, employing various truck-based and van-based mobile Charging stations to collaboratively service demand points near public Charging facilities. This strategy seeks to attain various achievements, including the reduction of network load and waiting times at Charging stations while simultaneously expanding coverage to improve customer satisfaction. Based on conducted experiments, a comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the proposed model demonstrate that the LoRP significantly outperforms traditional models in terms of both coverage and cost efficiency.

Background: In this study, an electroscrubber was designed and experimented for evaluation of integrating Particle and droplet Charging effects separately and jointly on collection efficiency of a spray tower and also to discover the optimal condition.Methods: A homogenous concentration of relatively fine Particles was introduced to influent air stream and electroscrubber efficiency in purifying them was determined through the measurement of input and output Particles concentration. The effect of vari-ous conditions such as Particles and droplets Charging alone and together (bipolar) for several applied voltages has been studied.Results: In all of experiments, the applied Charging voltage has a key role in promotion of electroscrubber efficiency. Maximum collection efficiency has achieved for 15 Kilovolt (Kv). The effectiveness of bipolar Charging of Particles and droplets with 15 Kv was higher than that of no-Charging and singly Charging. In other words, efficiency can be increased from 84.43% to 93.22 for total Particles and from 50.8% to 75.16% for submi-cron Particles. The maximum improvement of collection efficiency (42.2%) relates to bipolar Charging of the initial size group with diameter smaller than 0.3 micrometer (mm) and the minimum (0.5%) to sizing group of 11 with diameter 4-5 μm.Conclusion: This approach can be an appropriate option for the purpose of purifying submicron Particles in spray tower scrubbers.

Electric motorcycles (EM) are promising solutions for eco-friendly vehicles, but there are some dilemmas caused by the fossil-based energy used for Charging and the limited Charging infrastructure. This article proposes solving these dilemmas by designing a Solar-Powered Mobile Battery Swap Charging Station (MBSCS) for EM infrastructure. MBSCS will integrate solar power plants as a sustainable energy source and using battery swap system to accommodate EM. Design thinking methodology is used to develop the initial design of MBSCS and technical indicator assessment through focus group discussions with expert panelists. Simulations are conducted using PVSyst software to evaluate various system variants defined according to the selected components. The results of this study provide the MBSCS initial design, technical indicators to assess the MBSCS system, simulation results, and optimal system variant configuration. The findings of this study will mainly contribute to a solution for EM challenges and offer an environmentally friendly Charging infrastructure. This study is expected to serve as an alternative solution for future mobile Charging stations designed to answer the limited Charging infrastructure as well as to demonstrate the potential use of portable solar power plant to overcome dependence on fossil-based energy.